按照比较发展

                                                                          
   
当你用比较的方法展开段落，也就是说你要描述两件（或者更多）的事物是如何一样的。因此有必要使用短句子，因为大多数这样的段落好坏取决于简单的清晰性。不要在这里炫耀冗长复杂的句子。
 
你可以用来比较的事物有很多——也就是说，展示它们是如何地相似。同样，在两件事物之间也存在很多比较。选择最基本和简单的事物，以控制段落展开的过程。
 
在下面这个例子中，我们将讨论面包和米饭之间的相似性。
   
 
Development by:    Comparison.  
Written by:    SVW. 
Topic:    The similarities between bread and cooked rice. 
Title:    “How bread and cooked rice are similar.” 
Brainstorming:    Cooked–tasty–cheap–grains–popular–have starch–many recipes–give strength–“main food” (staple)–fill your stomach–much processing. 
 
这里我们发现很多相似性，你必须选择最重要的五个。你可以选择自己的。记住，首先进行正文的写作，然后开始主题句和结论句的写作。
   
 
Plan outline:   
     [TS]    Although, similarities. 
     [S1]    Cheap. 
     [S2]    Popular. 
     [S3]    Have starch. 
     [S4]    Fill your stomach. 
     [S5]    Much processing. 
     [CS]    Others, main. 
 
Paragraph Text:  
     [TS]    Although bread and cooked rice appear to be very different, they actually have many things in common. 
     [S1]    Both are very cheap. 
     [S2]    Bread and rice are very popular among the people, especially those with big families and small incomes. 
     [S3]    Both of these foods have high starch levels; they are “carbohydrate foods”. 
     [S4]    They fill a person’s stomach very easily, and keep away hunger for several hours. 
     [S5]    Both bread and cooked rice require a lot of processing, the work of many people; there are many food-processing stages, from “grain” to “finished product”. 
     [CS]    There are other similarities, but these are the main ones. 
 
记住要选择五个简单的“相似性”；尤其当你写抽象和哲学的主题，这就更重要了。例如，你如何比较“三个代表”和“八荣八耻”？没问题！抓住“具体有形”的想法，然后集中写作。
 
针对每一个段落，我给出一到两个范例。我建议你独自一人或者和朋友一起练习写作这样的段落。使用教室黑板，或者和别人一起写在一些纸上，在桌上排列，共同练习。
  
按照对比发展.
 
  
当你用对比的方法展开段落，你要说明的是两个（或者更多）事物它们是如何不同。这种展开段落的方法比前面比较的方法更为复杂。在对比中，你有两种写作的方法——通过“交换”或者“前后两批”。
 
     “交换”如下: TS–A1–B1–A2–B2–A3–B3–A4–B4–A5–B5–CS. 
 
     “前后两批” 如下: TS–A1–A2–A3–A4–A5–B1–B2–B3–B4–B5–CS. 
 
注意这些段落要比其他段落长。
 
在这一部分，我们就相同的主题进行两次展开（一次用交换的方式，一次用前后两批的方式），因此你可以比较两种方法。我们将比较中国南北方的差异。                        
 
Development by:    Contrast (“Alternating”). 
Written by:    SVW. 
 
Topic:    Differences between northern China, and southern China. 
Title:    “How the north of China is different from the south of China.” 
Brainstorming:    (#1) Weather–(#3) clothing–landscapes–(#5) soil–history–(#2) diet– leaders–cooking practices–houses–heating–(#4) buildings–rainfall–transportation. 
 
     Choose: weather–diet–clothing–buildings–soil. 
 
Plan outline:   
     [TS]    North, south / different. 
     [A1]    North, weather: cold, dry. 
     [B1]    South, weather: warm, wet. 
     [A2]    North, diet: wheat-based (noodles). 
     [B2]    South, diet: rice-based (cooked rice). 
     [A3]    North, clothing: thick in winter, thin in summer. 
     [B3]    South, clothing: medium in winter, very thin in summer. 
     [A4]    North, buildings: thick walls, keep in heat. 
     [B4]    South, buildings: wide roofs, keep out sun. 
     [A5]    North, soil:  “yellow”. 
     [B5]    South, soil:  “red”. 
     [CS]    Others / main ones. 
 
Paragraph Text:  
 
     [TS]    There are many differences between the north and the south of China. 
     [A1]    In northern China, the weather is typically dry; it is very cold in winter, and fairly hot in summer. 
     [B1]    In southern China, the weather is usually humid; it is cool in winter, and very hot in summer. 
     [A2]    The people in the north follow a wheat-based diet, eating foods such as noodles and dumplings. 
     [B2]    The people in the south have a rice-based diet, and they like to eat staples such as cooked rice and rice-noodles. 
     [A3]    The people who live in the north wear thick clothing in the winter, and light clothing in the summer. 
     [B3]    The people who live in the south wear slightly heavier clothing in the winter, and very light clothing in the summer. 
     [A4]    In the north, the buildings have thick walls, so as to keep the heat in and the cold out in winter. 
     [B4]    In the south, the buildings have wide and overhanging roofs, so as to shade the house from the hot summer sun. 
     [A5]    In the north, the soil is often “yellow”; it is called “loess”, and it is from this soil that the Yellow River gets its name. 
     [B5]     In the south, the soil is often red; this soil is very distinctive during ploughing season, when it is exposed. 
     [CS]    There are many other differences between the north and the south of China, and they cover many areas of geography and human culture; these are some of the main differences, which are readily observable. 
 
Development by:    Contrast (“Block”). 
Written by:    SVW. 
Topic:    Differences between northern China, and southern China. 
Title:    “How the north of China is different from the south of China.” 
Brainstorming:   (#1) Weather–(#3) clothing–landscapes–(#5) soil–history–(#2) diet– leaders–cooking practices–houses–heating–(#4) buildings–rainfall–transportation. 
 
     Choose: weather–diet–clothing–buildings–soil. 
 
Plan outline:   
     [TS]    North, south / different. 
     [A1]    North, weather: cold, dry. 
     [A2]    North, diet: wheat-based (noodles). 
     [A3]    North, clothing: thick in winter, thin in summer. 
     [A4]    North, buildings: thick walls, keep in heat. 
     [A5]    North, soil: “yellow”. 
     [B1]    South, weather: warm, wet. 
     [B2]    South, diet: rice-based (cooked rice). 
     [B3]    South, clothing: medium in winter, very thin in summer. 
     [B4]    South, buildings: wide roofs, keep out sun. 
     [B5]    South, soil: red. 
     [CS]    Others / main ones. 
 
Paragraph Text:  
     [TS]    There are many differences between the north and the south of China.
     [A1]    In northern China, the weather is typically dry; it is very cold in winter, and fairly hot in summer.
     [A2]    The people in the north follow a wheat-based diet, eating foods such as noodles and dumplings.
     [A3]    The people who live in the north wear thick clothing in the winter, and light clothing in the summer.
     [A4]    In the north, the buildings have thick walls, so as to keep the heat in and the cold out in winter.
     [A5]    In the north, the soil is often “yellow”; it is called “loess”, and it is from this soil that the Yellow River gets its name. 
     [B1]    In southern China, the weather is usually humid; it is cool in winter, and very hot in summer.
     [B2]    The people in the south have a rice-based diet, and they like to eat staples such as cooked rice and rice-noodles.
     [B3]    The people who live in the south wear slightly heavier clothing in the winter, and very light clothing in the summer.
     [B4]    In the south, the buildings have wide and overhanging roofs, so as to shade the house from the hot summer sun.
     [B5]    In the south, the soil is often red; this soil is very distinctive during ploughing season, when it is exposed.
     [CS]    There are many other differences between the north and the south of China, and they cover many areas of geography and human culture; these are some of the main differences, which are readily observable.
 
   
为了保持这种（相对较长）的段落结构有序，叙述有趣，请按照以下方法展开。首先，仔细写出构思。在写作过程中，你要不时在两个事物之间来回比较（这里，就是中国的北方和南方）；如果你的写作缺乏良好的结构，则会失去读者的关注。其次，为了保持这一写作（很具有重复性）叙述有趣，请用简单的英语写下想法，然后努力是语言丰富多彩。你必须开始用简单的语言写，如果同时想保持既“结构舒展”有“叙述有趣”，你也许很容易有语言上的挫败感（我是这样的）。
   
这种段落类型有很多排比的结构和思想（由于你现在正在对比不同的两件事情）。排比的语言，如果写得好，非常美；再加上一点想法，你也可以这么做，结果可能很有趣。关于“排比的思想/排比的语言”，我们学习最好的例子，就是Winston Churchill的著名的第二次世界大战的演讲。看他是如何用排比句，而且排比句是多么美。在上面的例子中，按照排比思想，我还没有“润色”语言，你会怎么做呢？
 
还有一件事，当你选择主题的时候，选择有话可说的主题，因为在写作过程中，你会删掉很多想法，然后选择最能表达主题的想法。如果你不喜欢这个主题，但是却有很多想法，这样也比你选择一个喜欢的主题，但是无甚可说强。